Η Δαμασκηνιά βρίσκεται στα σύνορα των Νομών Κοζάνης και Καστοριάς, σε υψόμετρο 1000 μέτρων περίπου. Η παλαιότερη καταγραφή του υστεροβυζαντινού αυτού οικισμού είναι το 1431 μ.X. σε οθωμανικό φορολογικό κατάστιχο. Υπάρχουν καταγραφές πληθυσμού, φόρων, καλλιεργειών από το 1530, το 1568 και το 1667. Σε όλη την περίοδο της οθωμανικής κατάκτησης υπήρξε Κεφαλοχώρι ενώ η καταπίεση των κατακτητών οδήγησε πολλούς κατοίκους στην ξενιτιά και στην δημιουργία ισχυρών παροικιών και συλλόγων, στην Κωνσταντινούπολη, την Αδριανούπολη και την Αμερική. Με τη συνδρομή των κατοίκων και των συλλόγων του εξωτερικού, κτίσθηκε νέα εκκλησία στη θέση της παλιάς το 1885 και νέο δημοτικό σχολείο το 1916.
Γράφει ο Στέργιος Ζήκας, Πρόεδρος του Πολιτιστικού και Λαογραφικού Συλλόγου ”Η ΠΑΝΑΓΙΑ”
Η ελληνοφωνία και η ελληνική συνείδηση των κατοίκων, ήταν ο λόγος που το χωριό στα χρόνια του Μακεδονικού Αγώνα, επιλέχθηκε να είναι κέντρο και ορμητήριο των ελληνικών αντάρτικων σωμάτων, που δρούσαν στην περιοχή ενάντια στα βουλγαρικά σώματα ενόπλων Κομιτατζήδων. Στην Δαμασκηνιά, είχε το ορμητήριό του ο Καπετάν Βάρδας (Τσόντος Γεώργιος), όταν ξεκίνησε με την βοήθεια των κατοίκων να εξοντώσει τον αρχικομιτατζή Κοστάντωφ, στο διπλανό χωριό Αη-Λια (Λιμπίσοβο). Επίσης, φιλοξενούνται και τροφοδοτούνται τα ένοπλα σώματα του Καπετάν Βέργα, Λούκα, Ρούβα, Μάλλιου, Νταϊλάκη και άλλων αγωνιστών.
Το χωριό Δαμασκηνιά (Βιντελούστι) είχε ως ορμητήριο και ο Ανθυπολοχαγός του Πεζικού Αντώνιος Βλαχάκης – Καπετάν Λίτσας με το σώμα του, που αποτελούνταν κυρίως από Μανιάτες. Στις 7 Μαϊου του 1906 το σώμα του Καπετάν Λίτσα επιτέθηκε στο χωριό Καστανόφυτο (Οσνίτσανη) που ήταν το ορμητήριο του Βούλγαρου Κομιτατζή Μήτρου Βλάχου και του Βούλγαρου δασκάλου Κυριάζου. Η μάχη ήταν σφοδρή καθώς ενεπλάκη και ο τουρκικός στρατός. Ο αρχηγός Καπετάν Λίτσας και οι υπαρχηγοί του έπεσαν ηρωικώς μαχόμενοι, μαζί με δεκαπέντε Μανιάτες αγωνιστές. Τα σώματα των ηρώων αρχικώς ετάφησαν στο κοιμητήριο της Δαμασκηνιάς και στη συνέχεια τα οστά τους μεταφέρθηκαν σε κοινοτάφιο στην Πλατεία Μακεδονομάχων του χωριού. Το 1961 με βασιλικό διάταγμα καθιερώθηκε η τέλεση ετησίου μνημόσυνου υπέρ των πεσόντων Μακεδονομάχων, στην ίδια Πλατεία υπάρχει Ανδριάντας του άγνωστου Μακεδονομάχου, καθώς και προτομές του Αντωνίου Βλαχάκη-Καπετάν Λίτσα και Γεωργίου Τσόντου- Καπετάν Βάρδα.
Εκατόν δώδεκα χρόνια από τον θάνατο του Αντωνίου Βλαχάκη, η οικογένειά του και συγκεκριμένα ο Ιερεμίας Σιμάτος και η σύζυγός του Άρτεμις-Αγγελική Σιμάτου (εγγονή του Παναγιώτη Βλαχάκη αδελφού του Καπετάν Λίτσα) και η κόρη τους Τατιάνα Σιμάτου, αποφάσισαν να παραχωρήσουν το αρχείο του Καπετάν Λίτσα στον Πολιτιστικό Σύλλογο Δαμασκηνιάς «Η ΠΑΝΑΓΙΑ». Το αρχείο αποτελείται περίπου από εκατό έγγραφα, μερικά εκ των οποίων εκτίθενται στην αίθουσα του Συλλόγου στην Πλατεία Μακεδονομάχων του χωριού. Το αρχείο επιμελήθηκε ο πρόεδρος του Συλλόγου Στέργιος Ζήκας.
Τα έγγραφα που εκτίθενται στην αίθουσα είναι τα εξής:
1. Εγγραφή του Αντωνίου Βλαχάκη στη Φιλοσοφική σχολή του
Εθνικού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών 1890
2. Φοιτητική ταυτότητα του ακαδημαϊκού έτους 1890-1891
3. Έγγραφο απονομής παρασήμου του Βασιλικού Τάγματος του Σωτήρος, για την συμμετοχή και τον τραυματισμό του στον Ελληνοτουρκικό πόλεμο του 1897
4. Επιστολικό δελτάριο της 17.1.1905 προς τον Ανθυπολοχαγό Αντώνιο Βλαχάκη στο 4ο Τάγμα Ευζώνων στον Τύρναβο. Αφορά τον θάνατο του Παύλου Μελά 5. Φωτογραφία του Σώματος του Καπετάν Λίτσα
6. Πολυσέλιδο τετράδιο μικρού σχήματος με στοιχεία των οπλιτών του Σώματος κρυπτογραφημένο
7. Επιστολή του οπλαρχηγού Ευάγγελου Βλάχου προς τον Λοχαγό Λεωνίδα Βλαχάκη, αδελφό του Καπετάν Λίτσα
8. Επιστολή του καπετάν Βάρδα (Γεώργιος Τσόντος) προς τον Λεωνίδα Βλαχάκη
9. Μετάφραση κρυπτογραφημένης επιστολής προς τον Αντώνιο Βλαχάκη (Καπετάν Λίτσα).
10. Καρτ Ποστάλ της εποχής με τον Καπετάν Λίτσα στο μέσον και Λεωνίδα και Παναγιώτη Πετροπουλάκη.
11. Εφημερίδα «Ο ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ». Πρωτοσέλιδο αφιέρωμα στον Αντώνιο Βλαχάκη.
Πέρα από τα παραπάνω έγγραφα στο αρχείο περιλαμβάνονται αποδείξεις αναγκών του Σώματος, μητρώα οπλιτών, κατάλογοι επιστροφής ανδρών προς την Ελλάδα, τηλεγραφήματα προς τον Ανθυπολοχαγό Αντώνιο Βλαχάκη και τηλεγραφήματα προς τον αδελφό του Λεωνίδα. Πολλές είναι οι συλλυπητήριες επιστολές προς τον Λεωνίδα Βλαχάκη για τον θάνατο του αδελφού του Καπετάν Λίτσα. Οι επιστολές είναι από συναδέλφους του, από τοπικούς Συλλόγους του τόπου καταγωγής του, καθώς και Συλλόγους των Αθηνών. Στο αρχείο περιλαμβάνονται πρωτοσέλιδα εφημερίδων των Αθηνών, σχετικά με την μάχη και το θάνατό του.
Στην αίθουσα του Συλλόγου, που βρίσκεται στην Πλατεία Μακεδονομάχων του χωριού Δαμασκηνιά, μπορεί κανείς να έχει πρόσβαση στην φωτοτυπημένη έκδοση του αρχείου του Καπετάν Λίτσα.
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